What it means to be Neurotypical

The Neurological and Psychological Traits of Being Neurotypical

Understanding what it means to be neurotypical involves exploring a range of neurological and psychological traits considered the dominant neurotype within the human population. Neurotypical individuals are those who do not present with neurological traits consistent with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), or other cognitive differences. This article discusses the key traits that are generally associated with being neurotypical, supported by current research.

Neurological Traits

Neurotypical brains typically exhibit certain anatomical and functional characteristics. Neuroimaging studies can identify these traits, which reveal the structural and functional organization of neural networks.

Research has shown that neurotypical individuals often have a certain degree of symmetry in brain structure, particularly in the prefrontal cortex and temporal lobes, which are associated with executive functions and social cognition (Wang et al., 2020). Additionally, typical brain development includes consistent patterns of neuroplasticity, allowing for adaptive changes in response to learning and experience (Kreitzer & Hagen, 2016).

Emotional Processing

Neurotypical individuals generally display “typical”, although perhaps a better word might be— predictable, emotional processing, and are able to engage in effective emotional regulation and empathy. Functional MRI studies suggest that while viewing emotional stimuli, neurotypical individuals will show activation in regions like the amygdala and insula, which are critical for emotional responses (Adolphs, 2010). This ability to adaptively process and respond to emotions plays a crucial role in social interactions and relationships.

Psychological attributes also play a key role in what it means to be neurotypical. One of the hallmark traits of neurotypical individuals is an intuitive grasp of social cues and norms. Neurotypical individuals show higher inherent awareness of theory of mind—the ability to understand others’ thoughts, beliefs, and intentions (Miller & Aloia, 2021). This psychological skill set is more likely to come standard with the neurotypical neurotype as opposed to the intentional effort that may be required for other diverse neurotypes. An important skill that is fundamental for navigating complex social environments, fostering relationships, and engaging in cooperative behavior.

Neurotypical individuals often adhere to socially accepted behaviors, which include the capacity to follow rules and norms in various environments. This behavior can be attributed to prioritized socialization skills and an understanding of societal expectations. Such conformist behaviors help in gaining acceptance and successfully integrating into social groups (Crocker et al., 2017).

Cognitive Flexibility

Those within the neurotypical neurotype are likely to show cognitive flexibility, meaning when faced with new information, they can efficiently adapt their thought processes (Diamond, 2013). This quality allows them to shift strategies based on situational demands, facilitating problem-solving and decision-making in everyday life. Cognitive flexibility is present in other neurotypes but may be accompanied by other dysfunctional processes.

Conclusion

In summary, based on current research, even acknowledging the under-representation of neurodiversity in research, the neurotypical neurotype is the dominant majority amongst identified neurotypes. Neurotypical individuals are predisposed to possessing psychological and neurological traits that facilitate social interaction, socially acceptable emotional regulation, and cognitive flexibility. These inherent social skills aid in conforming to social norms and expectations in attempts to be accepted in social groups. The desire to fit in and/or blend in.

While the concept of neurotypicality can be helpful in discussions about human behavior and cognition, it is essential to recognize the diverse spectrum of neurological and psychological experiences that exist beyond this definition. As awareness and societal acceptance of neurodiversity grows, it stands to reason that our understanding of majority and minority neurotypes will be adjusted.

References

Adolphs, R. (2010). The social brain: Neural basis of social knowledge. Annual Review of Psychology, 61, 393-416.

Crocker, J., Park, L. E., & Mikulka, J. (2017). The psychology of stigma: Examining the effects of stigma on the self and interpersonal relationships. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 11(4), e12339.

Diamond, A. (2013). Executive functions. Annual Review of Psychology, 64, 135-168.

Kreitzer, A. C., & Hagen, E. C. (2016). Neuroscience and neuropsychology: From laboratory to clinic. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 72(12), 1224-1235.

Miller, P. J., & Aloia, A. M. (2021). The development of social cognition in childhood: The role of culture and context. Developmental Review, 58, 100967.

Wang, J., Dong, H., & Chen, T. (2020). Brain structural differences between neurotypical individuals and those with autism spectrum disorder: A meta-analysis. Journal of Neuroscience, 40(15), 3027-3045.